What is the difference between dhikr and dua?
Dhikr is remembering Allah, usually through fixed phrases like subhanallah, alhamdulillah, allahu akbar. Dua is asking Allah, in any language, for any need. All dua contains dhikr (you praise Allah before asking), but not all dhikr is dua.
Detail
Dhikr is one direction: from you to Allah, as praise, glorification, and remembrance.
Dua is two directions: praise Allah, then ask. "Ask Allah of His bounty" (Surah al-Nisa 4:32).
Practically: subhanallah is dhikr. "O Allah, forgive me" is dua. The Fatiha is both. Sayyidul Istighfar is both.
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